DESCRIPTION

Given node and service, which identify an Internet host and a service, getaddrinfo() returns one or more addrinfo structures, each of which contains an Internet address that can be specified in a call to bind(2) or connect(2). The getaddrinfo() function combines the functionality provided by the gethostbyname(3) and getservbyname(3) functions into a single interface, but unlike the latter functions, getaddrinfo() is reentrant and allows programs to eliminate IPv4-versus-IPv6 dependencies.

The addrinfo structure used by getaddrinfo() contains the following fields:

The hints argument points to an addrinfo structure that specifies criteria for selecting the socket address structures returned in the list pointed to by res. If hints is not NULL it points to an addrinfo structure whose ai_family, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol specify criteria that limit the set of socket addresses returned by getaddrinfo(), as follows:

All the other fields in the structure pointed to by hints must contain either 0 or a null pointer, as appropriate.

Specifying hints as NULL is equivalent to setting ai_socktype and ai_protocol to 0; ai_family to AF_UNSPEC; and ai_flags to (AI_V4MAPPED | AI_ADDRCONFIG). (POSIX specifies different defaults for ai_flags; see NOTES.) node specifies either a numerical network address (for IPv4, numbers-and-dots notation as supported by inet_aton(3); for IPv6, hexadecimal string format as supported by inet_pton(3)), or a network hostname, whose network addresses are looked up and resolved. If hints.ai_flags contains the AI_NUMERICHOST flag, then node must be a numerical network address. The AI_NUMERICHOST flag suppresses any potentially lengthy network host address lookups.

If the AI_PASSIVE flag is specified in hints.ai_flags, and node is NULL, then the returned socket addresses will be suitable for bind(2)ing a socket that will accept(2) connections. The returned socket address will contain the "wildcard address" (INADDR_ANY for IPv4 addresses, IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT for IPv6 address). The wildcard address is used by applications (typically servers) that intend to accept connections on any of the host's network addresses. If node is not NULL, then the AI_PASSIVE flag is ignored.

If the AI_PASSIVE flag is not set in hints.ai_flags, then the returned socket addresses will be suitable for use with connect(2), sendto(2), or sendmsg(2). If node is NULL, then the network address will be set to the loopback interface address (INADDR_LOOPBACK for IPv4 addresses, IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT for IPv6 address); this is used by applications that intend to communicate with peers running on the same host.

service sets the port in each returned address structure. If this argument is a service name (see services(5)), it is translated to the corresponding port number. This argument can also be specified as a decimal number, which is simply converted to binary. If service is NULL, then the port number of the returned socket addresses will be left uninitialized. If AI_NUMERICSERV is specified in hints.ai_flags and service is not NULL, then service must point to a string containing a numeric port number. This flag is used to inhibit the invocation of a name resolution service in cases where it is known not to be required.

Either node or service, but not both, may be NULL.

The getaddrinfo() function allocates and initializes a linked list of addrinfo structures, one for each network address that matches node and service, subject to any restrictions imposed by hints, and returns a pointer to the start of the list in res. The items in the linked list are linked by the ai_next field.

There are several reasons why the linked list may have more than one addrinfo structure, including: the network host is multihomed, accessible over multiple protocols (e.g., both AF_INET and AF_INET6); or the same service is available from multiple socket types (one SOCK_STREAM address and another SOCK_DGRAM address, for example). Normally, the application should try using the addresses in the order in which they are returned. The sorting function used within getaddrinfo() is defined in RFC 3484; the order can be tweaked for a particular system by editing /etc/gai.conf (available since glibc 2.5).

If hints.ai_flags includes the AI_CANONNAME flag, then the ai_canonname field of the first of the addrinfo structures in the returned list is set to point to the official name of the host.

The remaining fields of each returned addrinfo structure are initialized as follows:

If hints.ai_flags includes the AI_ADDRCONFIG flag, then IPv4 addresses are returned in the list pointed to by res only if the local system has at least one IPv4 address configured, and IPv6 addresses are returned only if the local system has at least one IPv6 address configured. The loopback address is not considered for this case as valid as a configured address. This flag is useful on, for example, IPv4-only systems, to ensure that getaddrinfo() does not return IPv6 socket addresses that would always fail in connect(2) or bind(2).

If hints.ai_flags specifies the AI_V4MAPPED flag, and hints.ai_family was specified as AF_INET6, and no matching IPv6 addresses could be found, then return IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses in the list pointed to by res. If both AI_V4MAPPED and AI_ALL are specified in hints.ai_flags, then return both IPv6 and IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses in the list pointed to by res. AI_ALL is ignored if AI_V4MAPPED is not also specified.

The freeaddrinfo() function frees the memory that was allocated for the dynamically allocated linked list res.

RETURN VALUE

getaddrinfo() returns 0 if it succeeds, or one of the following nonzero error codes:

The gai_strerror() function translates these error codes to a human readable string, suitable for error reporting.

FILES

/etc/gai.conf

ATTRIBUTES

For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).

CONFORMING TO

POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008. The getaddrinfo() function is documented in RFC 2553.

NOTES

getaddrinfo() supports the address%scope-id notation for specifying the IPv6 scope-ID.

AI_ADDRCONFIG, AI_ALL, and AI_V4MAPPED are available since glibc 2.3.3. AI_NUMERICSERV is available since glibc 2.3.4.

According to POSIX.1, specifying hints as NULL should cause ai_flags to be assumed as 0. The GNU C library instead assumes a value of (AI_V4MAPPED\ |\ AI_ADDRCONFIG)() for this case, since this value is considered an improvement on the specification.

EXAMPLE

The following programs demonstrate the use of getaddrinfo(), gai_strerror(), freeaddrinfo(), and getnameinfo(3). The programs are an echo server and client for UDP datagrams.

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>

#define BUF_SIZE 500

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    struct addrinfo hints;
    struct addrinfo *result, *rp;
    int sfd, s;
    struct sockaddr_storage peer_addr;
    socklen_t peer_addr_len;
    ssize_t nread;
    char buf[BUF_SIZE];

    if (argc != 2) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s port\n", argv[0]);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
    hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;    /* Allow IPv4 or IPv6 */
    hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM; /* Datagram socket */
    hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;    /* For wildcard IP address */
    hints.ai_protocol = 0;          /* Any protocol */
    hints.ai_canonname = NULL;
    hints.ai_addr = NULL;
    hints.ai_next = NULL;

    s = getaddrinfo(NULL, argv[1], &hints, &result);
    if (s != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo: %s\n", gai_strerror(s));
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* getaddrinfo() returns a list of address structures.
       Try each address until we successfully bind(2).
       If socket(2) (or bind(2)) fails, we (close the socket
       and) try the next address. */

    for (rp = result; rp != NULL; rp = rp−>ai_next) {
        sfd = socket(rp−>ai_family, rp−>ai_socktype,
                rp−>ai_protocol);
        if (sfd == −1)
            continue;

        if (bind(sfd, rp−>ai_addr, rp−>ai_addrlen) == 0)
            break;                  /* Success */

        close(sfd);
    }

    if (rp == NULL) {               /* No address succeeded */
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not bind\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    freeaddrinfo(result);           /* No longer needed */

    /* Read datagrams and echo them back to sender */

    for (;;) {
        peer_addr_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_storage);
        nread = recvfrom(sfd, buf, BUF_SIZE, 0,
                (struct sockaddr *) &peer_addr, &peer_addr_len);
        if (nread == −1)
            continue;               /* Ignore failed request */

        char host[NI_MAXHOST], service[NI_MAXSERV];

        s = getnameinfo((struct sockaddr *) &peer_addr,
                        peer_addr_len, host, NI_MAXHOST,
                        service, NI_MAXSERV, NI_NUMERICSERV);
       if (s == 0)
            printf("Received %zd bytes from %s:%s\n",
                    nread, host, service);
        else
            fprintf(stderr, "getnameinfo: %s\n", gai_strerror(s));

        if (sendto(sfd, buf, nread, 0,
                    (struct sockaddr *) &peer_addr,
                    peer_addr_len) != nread)
            fprintf(stderr, "Error sending response\n");
    }
}

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

#define BUF_SIZE 500

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    struct addrinfo hints;
    struct addrinfo *result, *rp;
    int sfd, s, j;
    size_t len;
    ssize_t nread;
    char buf[BUF_SIZE];

    if (argc < 3) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s host port msg...\n", argv[0]);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* Obtain address(es) matching host/port */

    memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
    hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;    /* Allow IPv4 or IPv6 */
    hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM; /* Datagram socket */
    hints.ai_flags = 0;
    hints.ai_protocol = 0;          /* Any protocol */

    s = getaddrinfo(argv[1], argv[2], &hints, &result);
    if (s != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo: %s\n", gai_strerror(s));
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* getaddrinfo() returns a list of address structures.
       Try each address until we successfully connect(2).
       If socket(2) (or connect(2)) fails, we (close the socket
       and) try the next address. */

    for (rp = result; rp != NULL; rp = rp−>ai_next) {
        sfd = socket(rp−>ai_family, rp−>ai_socktype,
                     rp−>ai_protocol);
        if (sfd == −1)
            continue;

        if (connect(sfd, rp−>ai_addr, rp−>ai_addrlen) != −1)
            break;                  /* Success */

        close(sfd);
    }

    if (rp == NULL) {               /* No address succeeded */
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not connect\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    freeaddrinfo(result);           /* No longer needed */

    /* Send remaining command−line arguments as separate
       datagrams, and read responses from server */

    for (j = 3; j < argc; j++) {
        len = strlen(argv[j]) + 1;
                /* +1 for terminating null byte */

        if (len + 1 > BUF_SIZE) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "Ignoring long message in argument %d\n", j);
            continue;
        }

        if (write(sfd, argv[j], len) != len) {
            fprintf(stderr, "partial/failed write\n");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        nread = read(sfd, buf, BUF_SIZE);
        if (nread == −1) {
            perror("read");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        printf("Received %zd bytes: %s\n", nread, buf);
    }

    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

SEE ALSO

getaddrinfo_a(3), gethostbyname(3), getnameinfo(3), inet(3), gai.conf(5), hostname(7), ip(7)